UGC NET 2022 SYLLABUS FOR THE SUBJECT COMPUTER SCIENCE AND APPLICATION (CODE NO : 87)

 Unit - 1 : Discrete Structures and Optimization

CHAPTER	TOPICS
Mathematical Logic	Propositional and Predicate Logic, Propositional Equivalences, Normal Forms, Predicates and Quantifiers, Nested Quantifiers, Rules of Inference.
Sets and Relations	Set Operations, Representation and Properties of Relations, Equivalence Relations, Partially Ordering.
Counting, Mathematical Induction and Discrete Probability	Basics of Counting, Pigeonhole Principle, Permutations and Combinations, Inclusion- Exclusion Principle, Mathematical Induction, Probability, Bayes’ Theorem.
Group Theory	Groups, Subgroups, Semi Groups, Product and Quotients of Algebraic Structures, Isomorphism, Homomorphism, Automorphism, Rings, Integral Domains, Fields, Applications of Group Theory.
Graph Theory	Simple Graph, Multigraph, Weighted Graph, Paths and Circuits, Shortest Paths in Weighted Graphs, Eulerian Paths and Circuits, Hamiltonian Paths and Circuits, Planner graph, Graph Coloring, Bipartite Graphs, Trees and Rooted Trees, Prefix Codes, Tree Traversals, Spanning Trees and Cut-Sets.
Boolean Algebra	Boolean Functions and its Representation, Simplifications of Boolean Functions.
Optimization	Linear Programming - Mathematical Model, Graphical Solution, Simplex and Dual Simplex Method, Sensitive Analysis; Integer Programming, Transportation and Assignment Models, PERT-CPM: Diagram Representation, Critical Path Calculations, Resource Levelling, Cost Consideration in Project Scheduling.

 Unit - 2 : Computer System Architecture

CHAPTER	TOPICS
Digital Logic Circuits and Components	Digital Computers, Logic Gates, Boolean  Algebra, Map Simplifications, Combinational Circuits, Flip-Flops, Sequential Circuits,  Integrated Circuits, Decoders, Multiplexers, Registers and Counters, Memory Unit.
Data Representation	Data Types, Number Systems and Conversion, Complements, Fixed  Point Representation, Floating Point Representation, Error Detection Codes, Computer  Arithmetic - Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division Algorithms.
Register Transfer and Microoperations	Register Transfer Language, Bus and Memory  Transfers, Arithmetic, Logic and Shift Microoperations.
Basic Computer Organization and Design	Stored Program Organization and Instruction  Codes, Computer Registers, Computer Instructions, Timing and Control, Instruction Cycle,  Memory-Reference Instructions, Input-Output, Interrupt.
Programming the Basic Computer	Machine Language, Assembly Language, Assembler,  Program Loops, Subroutines, Input-Output Programming.
Microprogrammed Control	Control Memory, Address Sequencing, Design of Control  Unit.
Central Processing Unit	General Register Organization, Stack Organization, Instruction  Formats, Addressing Modes, RISC Computer, CISC Computer.
Pipeline and Vector Processing	Parallel Processing, Pipelining, Arithmetic Pipeline,  Instruction Pipeline, Vector Processing Array Processors
Input-Output Organization	Peripheral Devices, Input-Output Interface, Asynchronous  Data Transfer, Modes of Transfer, Priority Interrupt, DMA, Serial Communication.
Memory Hierarchy	Main Memory, Auxiliary Memory, Associative Memory, Cache  Memory, Virtual Memory, Memory Management Hardware.
Multiprocessors	Characteristics of Multiprocessors, Interconnection Structures,  Interprocessor Arbitration, Interprocessor Communication and Synchronization, Cache  Coherence, Multicore Processors.

Unit - 3 : Programming Languages and Computer Graphics

CHAPTER	TOPICS
Language Design and Translation Issues	Programming Language Concepts, Paradigms  and Models, Programming Environments, Virtual Computers and Binding Times,  Programming Language Syntax, Stages in Translation, Formal Transition Models.
Elementary Data Types	Properties of Types and Objects; Scalar and Composite Data  Types.
Programming in C	Tokens, Identifiers, Data Types, Sequence Control, Subprogram  Control, Arrays, Structures, Union, String, Pointers, Functions, File Handling, Command  Line Arguments, Preprocessors.
Object Oriented Programming	Class, Object, Instantiation, Inheritance, Encapsulation,  Abstract Class, Polymorphism.
Programming in C++	Tokens, Identifiers, Variables and Constants; Data types, Operators,  Control statements, Functions Parameter Passing, Virtual Functions, Class and Objects; Constructors and Destructors; Overloading, Inheritance, Templates, Exception and Event  Handling; Streams and Files; Multifile Programs.
Web Programming	HTML, DHTML, XML, Scripting, Java, Servlets, Applets.
Computer Graphics	Video-Display Devices, Raster-Scan and Random-Scan Systems;  Graphics Monitors, Input Devices, Points and Lines; Line Drawing Algorithms, Mid-Point  Circle and Ellipse Algorithms; Scan Line Polygon Fill Algorithm, Boundary-Fill and Flood Fill.
2-D Geometrical Transforms and Viewing	Translation, Scaling, Rotation, Reflection and  Shear Transformations; Matrix Representations and Homogeneous Coordinates; Composite  Transforms, Transformations Between Coordinate Systems, Viewing Pipeline, Viewing  Coordinate Reference Frame, Window to View-Port Coordinate Transformation, Viewing  Functions, Line and Polygon Clipping Algorithms.
3-D Object Representation, Geometric Transformations and Viewing	Polygon Surfaces,  Quadric Surfaces, Spline Representation, Bezier and B-Spline Curves; Bezier and B-Spline  Surfaces; Illumination Models, Polygon Rendering Methods, Viewing Pipeline and  Coordinates; General Projection Transforms and Clipping.

 Unit - 4 : Database Management Systems

CHAPTER	TOPICS
Database System Concepts and Architecture	Data Models, Schemas, and Instances; Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence; Database Languages and Interfaces; Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMS.
Data Modeling	Entity-Relationship Diagram, Relational Model - Constraints, Languages,  Design, and Programming, Relational Database Schemas, Update Operations and Dealing  with Constraint Violations; Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus; Codd Rules.
SQL	Data Definition and Data Types; Constraints, Queries, Insert, Delete, and Update  Statements; Views, Stored Procedures and Functions; Database Triggers, SQL Injection.
Normalization for Relational Databases	Functional Dependencies and Normalization; Algorithms for Query Processing and Optimization; Transaction Processing, Concurrency  Control Techniques, Database Recovery Techniques, Object and Object-Relational  Databases; Database Security and Authorization.
Enhanced Data Models	Temporal Database Concepts, Multimedia Databases, Deductive  Databases, XML and Internet Databases; Mobile Databases, Geographic Information  Systems, Genome Data Management, Distributed Databases and Client-Server Architectures.
Data Warehousing and Data Mining	Data Modeling for Data Warehouses, Concept  Hierarchy, OLAP and OLTP; Association Rules, Classification, Clustering, Regression, Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbour, Hidden Markov Model, Summarization,  Dependency Modeling, Link Analysis, Sequencing Analysis, Social Network Analysis.
Big Data Systems	Big Data Characteristics, Types of Big Data, Big Data Architecture,  Introduction to Map-Reduce and Hadoop; Distributed File System, HDFS. NOSQL: NOSQL and Query Optimization; Different NOSQL Products, Querying and  Managing NOSQL; Indexing and Ordering Data Sets; NOSQL in Cloud.

 Unit - 5 : System Software and Operating System

CHAPTER	TOPICS
System Software	Machine, Assembly and High-Level Languages; Compilers and  Interpreters; Loading, Linking and Relocation; Macros, Debuggers.
Basics of Operating Systems	Operating System Structure, Operations and Services; System  Calls, Operating-System Design and Implementation; System Boot.
Process Management	Process Scheduling and Operations; Interprocess Communication, Communication in Client–Server Systems, Process Synchronization, Critical-Section  Problem, Peterson’s Solution, Semaphores, Synchronization.
Threads	Multicore Programming, Multithreading Models, Thread Libraries, Implicit  Threading, Threading Issues.
CPU Scheduling	Scheduling Criteria and Algorithms; Thread Scheduling, Multiple Processor Scheduling, Real-Time CPU Scheduling.
Deadlocks	Deadlock Characterization, Methods for Handling Deadlocks, Deadlock  Prevention, Avoidance and Detection; Recovery from Deadlock.
Memory Management	Contiguous Memory Allocation, Swapping, Paging, Segmentation,  Demand Paging, Page Replacement, Allocation of Frames, Thrashing, Memory-Mapped  Files.
Storage Management	Mass-Storage Structure, Disk Structure, Scheduling and  Management, RAID Structure.
File and Input / Output Systems	Access Methods, Directory and Disk Structure; File System Mounting, File Sharing, File-System Structure and Implementation; Directory  Implementation, Allocation Methods, Free-Space Management, Efficiency and Performance;  Recovery, I/O Hardware, Application I/O Interface, Kernel I/O Subsystem, Transforming I/O  Requests to Hardware Operations.
Security	Protection, Access Matrix, Access Control, Revocation of Access Rights, Program  Threats, System and Network Threats; Cryptography as a Security Tool, User Authentication, Implementing Security Defenses.
Virtual Machines	Types of Virtual Machines and Implementations; Virtualization.
Linux Operating Systems	Design Principles, Kernel Modules, Process Management,  Scheduling, Memory Management, File Systems, Input and Output; Interprocess  Communication, Network Structure.
Windows Operating Systems	Design Principles, System Components, Terminal Services  and Fast User Switching; File System, Networking.
Distributed Systems	Types of Network based Operating Systems, Network Structure, Communication Structure and Protocols; Robustness, Design Issues, Distributed File  Systems.

 Unit - 6 : Software Engineering

CHAPTER	TOPICS
Software Process Models	Software Process, Generic Process Model – Framework Activity,  Task Set and Process Patterns; Process Lifecycle, Prescriptive Process Models, Project  Management, Component Based Development, Aspect-Oriented Software Development,  Formal Methods, Agile Process Models – Extreme Programming (XP), Adaptive Software  Development, Scrum, Dynamic System Development Model, Feature Driven Development,  Crystal, Web Engineering.
Software Requirements	Functional and Non-Functional Requirements; Eliciting  Requirements, Developing Use Cases, Requirement Analysis and Modelling; Requirements  Review, Software Requirement and Specification (SRS) Document.
Software Design	Abstraction, Architecture, Patterns, Separation of Concerns, Modularity,  Information Hiding, Functional Independence, Cohesion and Coupling; Object-Oriented  Design, Data Design, Architectural Design, User Interface Design, Component Level  Design.
Software Quality	McCall’s Quality Factors, ISO 9126 Quality Factors, Quality Control, Quality Assurance, Risk Management, Risk Mitigation, Monitoring and Management  (RMMM); Software Reliability.
Estimation and Scheduling of Software Projects	Software Sizing, LOC and FP based  Estimations; Estimating Cost and Effort; Estimation Models, Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO), Project Scheduling and Staffing; Time-line Charts.
Software Testing	Verification and Validation; Error, Fault, Bug and Failure; Unit and  Integration Testing; White-box and Black-box Testing; Basis Path Testing, Control Structure  Testing, Deriving Test Cases, Alpha and Beta Testing; Regression Testing, Performance  Testing, Stress Testing.
Software Configuration Management	Change Control and Version Control; Software  Reuse, Software Re-engineering, Reverse Engineering.

 Unit - 7 : Data Structures and Algorithms

CHAPTER	TOPICS
Data Structures	Arrays and their Applications; Sparse Matrix, Stacks, Queues, Priority  Queues, Linked Lists, Trees, Forest, Binary Tree, Threaded Binary Tree, Binary Search Tree, AVL Tree, B Tree, B+ Tree, B* Tree, Data Structure for Sets, Graphs, Sorting and Searching  Algorithms; Hashing.
Performance Analysis of Algorithms and Recurrences	Time and Space Complexities; Asymptotic Notation, Recurrence Relations.
Design Techniques	Divide and Conquer; Dynamic Programming, Greedy Algorithms,  Backtracking, Branch and Bound.
Lower Bound Theory	Comparison Trees, Lower Bounds through Reductions.
Graph Algorithms	Breadth-First Search, Depth-First Search, Shortest Paths, Maximum  Flow, Minimum Spanning Trees.
Complexity Theory	P and NP Class Problems; NP-completeness and Reducibility.
Selected Topics	Number Theoretic Algorithms, Polynomial Arithmetic, Fast Fourier  Transform, String Matching Algorithms.
Advanced Algorithms	Parallel Algorithms for Sorting, Searching and Merging,  Approximation Algorithms, Randomized Algorithms.

 Unit - 8 : Theory of Computation and Compilers

CHAPTER	TOPICS
Theory of Computation	Formal Language, Non-Computational Problems, Diagonal  Argument, Russels’s Paradox.
Regular Language Models	Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA), Non-Deterministic Finite Automaton (NDFA), Equivalence of DFA and NDFA, Regular Languages, Regular  Grammars, Regular Expressions, Properties of Regular Language, Pumping Lemma, Non Regular Languages, Lexical Analysis.
Context Free Language	Pushdown Automaton (PDA), Non-Deterministic Pushdown  Automaton (NPDA), Context Free Grammar, Chomsky Normal Form, Greibach Normal  Form, Ambiguity, Parse Tree Representation of Derivation Trees, Equivalence of PDA’s and  Context Free Grammars; Properties of Context Free Language.
Turing Machines (TM)	Standard Turing Machine and its Variations; Universal Turing  Machines, Models of Computation and Church-Turing Thesis; Recursive and Recursively Enumerable Languages; Context-Sensitive Languages, Unrestricted Grammars, Chomsky  Hierarchy of Languages, Construction of TM for Simple Problems.
Unsolvable Problems and Computational Complexity	Unsolvable Problem, Halting  Problem, Post Correspondence Problem, Unsolvable Problems for Context-Free Languages,  Measuring and Classifying Complexity, Tractable and Intractable Problems.
Syntax Analysis	Associativity, Precedence, Grammar Transformations, Top Down Parsing,  Recursive Descent Predictive Parsing, LL(1) Parsing, Bottom up Parsing, LR Parser,  LALR(1) Parser.
Semantic Analysis	Attribute Grammar, Syntax Directed Definitions, Inherited and  Synthesized Attributes; Dependency Graph, Evaluation Order, S-attributed and L-attributed  Definitions; Type-Checking
Run Time System	Storage Organization, Activation Tree, Activation Record, Stack  Allocation of Activation Records, Parameter Passing Mechanisms, Symbol Table.
Intermediate Code Generation	Intermediate Representations, Translation of Declarations,  Assignments, Control Flow, Boolean Expressions and Procedure Calls.
Code Generation and Code Optimization	Control-flow, Data-flow Analysis, Local  Optimization, Global Optimization, Loop Optimization, Peep-Hole Optimization, Instruction  Scheduling.

 Unit - 9 : Data Communication and Computer Networks

CHAPTER	TOPICS
Data Communication	Components of a Data Communication System, Simplex, Half Duplex and Duplex Modes of Communication; Analog and Digital Signals; Noiseless and  Noisy Channels; Bandwidth, Throughput and Latency; Digital and Analog Transmission; Data Encoding and Modulation Techniques; Broadband and Baseband Transmission;  Multiplexing, Transmission Media, Transmission Errors, Error Handling Mechanisms.
Computer Networks	Network Topologies, Local Area Networks, Metropolitan Area  Networks, Wide Area Network, Wireless Networks, Internet.
Network Models	Layered Architecture, OSI Reference Model and its Protocols; TCP/IP  Protocol Suite, Physical, Logical, Port and Specific Addresses; Switching Techniques.
Functions of OSI and TCP/IP Layers	Framing, Error Detection and Correction; Flow and  Error Control; Sliding Window Protocol, HDLC, Multiple Access – CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA,  Reservation, Polling, Token Passing, FDMA, CDMA, TDMA, Network Devices, Backbone  Networks, Virtual LANs.  IPv4 Structure and Address Space; Classful and Classless Addressing; Datagram,  Fragmentation and Checksum; IPv6 Packet Format, Mapping Logical to Physical Address  (ARP), Direct and Indirect Network Layer Delivery; Routing Algorithms, TCP, UDP and  SCTP Protocols; Flow Control, Error Control and Congestion Control in TCP and SCTP.
World Wide Web (WWW)	Uniform Resource Locator (URL), Domain Name Service  (DNS), Resolution - Mapping Names to Addresses and Addresses to Names; Electronic Mail  Architecture, SMTP, POP and IMAP; TELNET and FTP
Network Security	Malwares, Cryptography and Steganography; Secret-Key Algorithms,  Public-Key Algorithms, Digital Signature, Virtual Private Networks, Firewalls.
Mobile Technology	GSM and CDMA; Services and Architecture of GSM and Mobile  Computing; Middleware and Gateway for Mobile Computing; Mobile IP and Mobile  Communication Protocol; Communication Satellites, Wireless Networks and Topologies;  Cellular Topology, Mobile Adhoc Networks, Wireless Transmission and Wireless LANs;  Wireless Geolocation Systems, GPRS and SMS.
Cloud Computing and IoT	SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, Public and Private Cloud; Virtualization,  Virtual Server, Cloud Storage, Database Storage, Resource Management, Service Level  Agreement, Basics of IoT.

 Unit - 10 : Artificial Intelligence (AI)

CHAPTER	TOPICS
Approaches to AI	Turing Test and Rational Agent Approaches; State Space Representation  of Problems, Heuristic Search Techniques, Game Playing, Min-Max Search, Alpha Beta  Cutoff Procedures.
Knowledge Representation	Logic, Semantic Networks, Frames, Rules, Scripts, Conceptual Dependency and Ontologies, Expert Systems, Handling Uncertainty in Knowledge
Planning	Components of a Planning System, Linear and Non Linear Planning; Goal Stack  Planning, Hierarchical Planning, STRIPS, Partial Order Planning.
Natural Language Processing	Grammar and Language; Parsing Techniques, Semantic  Analysis and Pragmatics.
Multi Agent Systems	Agents and Objects; Agents and Expert Systems; Generic Structure  of Multiagent System, Semantic Web, Agent Communication, Knowledge Sharing using  Ontologies, Agent Development Tools
Fuzzy Sets	Notion of Fuzziness, Membership Functions, Fuzzification and  Defuzzification; Operations on Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Functions and Linguistic Variables; Fuzzy  Relations, Fuzzy Rules and Fuzzy Inference; Fuzzy Control System and Fuzzy Rule Based  Systems.
Genetic Algorithms (GA)	Encoding Strategies, Genetic Operators, Fitness Functions and  GA Cycle; Problem Solving using GA.
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)	Supervised, Unsupervised and Reinforcement  Learning; Single Perceptron, Multi Layer Perceptron, Self Organizing Maps, Hopfield  Network.